| Cyber Resilience Act |
Cybersecurity requirements for hardware and software with digital elements |
Manufacturers, importers, distributors |
Sept 11, 2026 (notification) / Dec 11, 2027 (mandatory) |
All connected digital products (routers, wearables, embedded software) |
Core cybersecurity product regulation |
| RED Delegated Act |
Security requirements for radio devices |
Manufacturers/importers of radio equipment |
Effective from August 1, 2025 |
Smartphones, NFC systems, baby monitors, radio-based IoT devices |
Overlaps with CRA for “security by design” |
| NIS2 Directive |
Risk management measures, mandatory incident reporting |
Medium/large companies in critical sectors |
Effective from October 17, 2024 |
Energy, transport, digital, public sector, manufacturing, healthcare |
Organizational approach, complementary to CRA |
| Machinery Regulation |
Safety and cybersecurity requirements for machines and components |
Machine manufacturers and integrators |
Effective from January 20, 2027 |
Industrial machinery, automated systems, mechanical accessories |
Requires joint compliance: CRA + mechanical standards |
| AI Act |
High-risk AI systems: transparency, human oversight, robustness |
Developers, integrators, users of AI systems |
Feb 2, 2025 (skills) / Aug 2, 2026 (application) |
AI in healthcare, recruitment, traffic, biometrics, insurance pricing, etc. |
Supplements CRA: focus on AI security and integrity |
| Data Act |
Access, sharing, protection, and portability of data from connected devices |
Device manufacturers, cloud providers, business users |
Effective from September 12, 2025 |
All industrial and consumer IoT devices, platforms, and cloud services |
Complements CRA: regulates lifecycle of device-generated data |